Adipokines, insulin resistance, and adiposity as a predictors of metabolic syndrome in child survivors of lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia of a developing country.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence indicating that pediatric survivors of cancer are at a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome. This study evaluated some probable predictors of metabolic syndrome (MS), such as leptin and adiponectin concentrations, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, insulin resistance, and adiposity, in a sample of child survivors of lymphoma and leukemia in Mexico City. METHODS: Fifty two children (leukemia n = 26, lymphoma n = 26), who were within the first 5 years after cessation of therapy, were considered as eligible to participate in the study. Testing included fasting insulin, glucose, adipokines and lipids; body fat mass was measured by DXA. The MS components were analyzed according to tertiles of adipokines, insulin resistance, and adiposity. Comparisons between continuous variables were performed according to the data distribution. The MS components were analyzed according to tertiles of adipokines, insulin resistance, and adiposity. With the purpose of assessing the risk of a present MS diagnosis, odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% IC) were obtained using logistic regression analysis according to the various metabolic markers. RESULTS: The median children age was 12.1 years, and the interval time from the completion of therapy to study enrollment was 4 years. Among the MS components, the prevalence of HDL-C low was most common (42%), followed by central obesity (29%). The HOMA-IR (OR 9.0, 95% CI 2.0; 41.1), body fat (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.6; 19.3), leptin level (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.6; 20.2) and leptin/adiponectin ratio (OR 9.4, 95% CI 2.0; 49.8) in the highest tertile, were predictive factors of developing MS; whereas the lowest tertile of adiponectin was associated with a protective effect but not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers such as HOMA-IR, leptin and leptin/adiponectin are associated with each of the components of the MS and with a heightened risk of suffering MS among children survivors of cancer. Given the close relationship between MS with risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is imperative to implement prevention measures in this population and especially in developing countries where these pathologies have become the leading cause of death.

Prevalence of gene rearrangements in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population study-report from the Mexican Interinstitutional Group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukemia.

Mexico has one of the highest incidences of childhood leukemia worldwide and significantly higher mortality rates for this disease compared with other countries. One possible cause is the high prevalence of gene rearrangements associated with the etiology or with a poor prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The aims of this multicenter study were to determine the prevalence of the four most common gene rearrangements [ETV6-RUNX1, TCF3-PBX1, BCR-ABL1, and MLL rearrangements] and to explore their relationship with mortality rates during the first year of treatment in ALL children from Mexico City. Patients were recruited from eight public hospitals during 2010-2012. A total of 282 bone marrow samples were obtained at each child's diagnosis for screening by conventional and multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine the gene rearrangements. Gene rearrangements were detected in 50 (17.7%) patients. ETV6-RUNX1 was detected in 21 (7.4%) patients, TCF3-PBX1 in 20 (7.1%) patients, BCR-ABL1 in 5 (1.8%) patients, and MLL rearrangements in 4 (1.4%) patients. The earliest deaths occurred at months 1, 2, and 3 after diagnosis in patients with MLL, ETV6-RUNX1, and BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangements, respectively. Gene rearrangements could be related to the aggressiveness of leukemia observed in Mexican children.

Lack of evidence for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and mouse mammary tumor-like virus involvement in the genesis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico City, the incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the highest in the world; epidemiologic evidence suggests that infectious agents could be involved in the genesis of this disease. Early transmitted oncogenic retroviruses infecting lymphocytes are important candidates. METHODS: PCR-based assays were used to screen viral genomic sequences of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type 1 (HTLV1) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-like virus (MMTV-LV) in leukemic cells from 67 pediatric patients with ALL. RESULTS: Viral genomic sequences were not detected in any sample by neither standard nor nested PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the methodologic strictness and high statistical power of the study, these results suggest that HTLV1 and MMTV-LV are not involved in the genesis of childhood ALL in Mexican children. IMPACT: To our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the direct participation of HTLV1 and MMTV-LV retroviruses in childhood ALL development.

Utilidad de la proteína C reactiva para el diagnóstico de infección bacteriana en el paciente pediátrico con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia / Usefulness of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in the pediatric patient with cancer, fever and neutropenia

Introducción. El diagnóstico de infección bacteriana en el paciente con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia se dificulta debido a una pobre respuesta inflamatoria. Se han realizado evaluaciones con reactantes de fase aguda, como la proteína C reactiva, con resultados variables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue calcular la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos y razones de verosimilitud de la proteína C reactiva para el diagnóstico de infección bacteriana en pacientes con cáncer y neutropenia febril. Métodos. Se realizó el estudio de la prueba diagnóstica. Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con cáncer, y neutropenia (<500 NA/mm³). La proteína C reactiva se cuantificó por nefelometría. Los episodios se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: grupo I, infección microbiológicamente documentada; grupo II, infección clínicamente documentada; grupo III, fiebre por otras causas; y grupo IV, pacientes con neutropenia sin fiebre. Se realizó el cálculo de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos, curvas operantes del receptor y razones de verosimilitud. Para la comparación de variables cuantitativas se emplearon la U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis y para variables cualitativas, χ². Resultados. Se incluyeron 127 episodios que se distribuyeron en: 29, 47, 20 y 31 episodios para los grupos I, II, III y IV, respectivamente. Las medianas de la proteína C reactiva fueron 282 mg/L para el grupo I, 205 mg/L grupo II, 27.3 mg/L grupo III y 5.1 mg/L para el grupo IV (p < 0.001). Con la proteína C reactiva de 60 mg/L se obtuvo una sensibilidad de 94%, especificidad de 94%, valor predictivo positivo 96% y valor predictivo negativo 92%; razón de verosimilitud para un resultado positivo 15.6 y de 0.06 para resultado negativo. Conclusiones. La proteína C reactiva es una prueba útil y económica para el diagnóstico de infección bacteriana en el paciente con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia.

Background. Diagnosis of bacterial infection in the patient with cancer, fever and neutropenia is difficult due to the poor inflammatory response. Several evaluations of acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (C-RP) have been performed with diverse results. The aim of this study was to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratios (LR) for C-RP in the diagnosis of bacterial infection of patients with cancer, neutropenia and fever. Methods. We carried out a diagnostic test study. Pediatric patients with cancer and neutropenia (<500 NA/mm³) were selected. C-RP was determined by nephelometry. Episodes were classified into the following groups: group I: microbiologically documented infection; group II: clinically documented infection; group III: fever of unknown origin; group IV: patients with neutropenia without fever. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, receiving operating curves (ROC) and LR were calculated. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparison of quantitative variables. For qualitative variables, χ2 test was used. Results. There were 127 episodes distributed as follows: 29, 47, 20 and 31 for groups I, II, III and IV, respectively. Median of C-RP values were 282 mg/L for group I, 205 mg/L group II, 27.3 mg/L group III and 5.1 mg/L group IV (p <0.001). With a C-RP value of 60 mg/L, we obtained a sensitivity of 94%, specificity 94%, PPV 6% and NPV 92%. LR for a positive test was 15.6 and LR for a negative test was 0.06. Conclusions. C-RP is a useful and economically feasible test for diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with cancer, neutropenia and fever.

Diagnoses unveiled by early bronchoscopy in children with leukemia and pulmonary infiltrates.

Pulmonary complications in children with leukemia often display nonspecific clinical and radiologic manifestations that lead to a delay in diagnosis. The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and the proper time for its performance are controversial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency and nature of specific diagnoses revealed by FOB. Children with leukemia submitted to FOB because of suspicion of pulmonary involvement (mainly pneumonia) were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 33 FOB procedures performed in 31 patients (20 males) with an average age of 9.4 years (range, 3.5 to 15 y) were evaluated. Microorganisms isolated from 21 (63.6%) bronchoalveolar lavage samples were mainly fungi including Candida in 13 cases (39.4%) and Aspergillus in 3 cases (9.1%). Isolation rate in 10 procedures performed within the first 3 days was 90%. Tracheobronchitis was present in > 50% of patients, pulmonary hemorrhage was seen in 7 (21.0%) patients, and leukemic infiltration was demonstrated in 2 patients (6.1%), among other conditions visualized by FOB. Complications of FOB were minimal and transient. Our study suggests that FOB is a useful and safe procedure in patients with leukemia and pulmonary infiltrates. The earlier the FOB was performed, the higher the isolation rate of causative agents. In addition, this procedure allowed the identification of noninfectious airway comorbidities. Further studies in regard to this issue are warranted.

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City. METHODS: Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level). RESULTS: Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.

The age incidence of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Mexico City.

The objective of this population-based survey was to assess the peak age of incidence of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children in Mexico City (MC). All patients were classified according to their immunophenotype, and only B-cell precursor and T-lineage were analyzed. Rates of incidence were calculated x10 children. Of the 364 children from MC who were included in this study, immunophenotyping had been performed for 81.6%. The frequency of B-cell precursor ALL was 76.1%, whereas T lineage ALL showed a frequency of 23.6%. Peak age for ALL was 2 to 3 years of age. B-cell precursor ALL was the major contributor to peak age; T lineage ALL showed a peak among 1 and 3 years of age. We conclude that the age peak for children with ALL in MC is within the ranges reported for developed countries and that B-cell precursor ALL is the main contributor to these peak.

Father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and childhood acute leukemia: a new method to assess exposure (a case-control study).

BACKGROUND: Medical research has not been able to establish whether a father's occupational exposures are associated with the development of acute leukemia (AL) in their offspring. The studies conducted have weaknesses that have generated a misclassification of such exposure. Occupations and exposures to substances associated with childhood cancer are not very frequently encountered in the general population; thus, the reported risks are both inconsistent and inaccurate. In this study, to assess exposure we used a new method, an exposure index, which took into consideration the industrial branch, specific position, use of protective equipment, substances at work, degree of contact with such substances, and time of exposure. This index allowed us to obtain a grade, which permitted the identification of individuals according to their level of exposure to known or potentially carcinogenic agents that are not necessarily specifically identified as risk factors for leukemia. The aim of this study was to determine the association between a father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and the presence of AL in their offspring. METHODS: From 1999 to 2000, a case-control study was performed with 193 children who reside in Mexico City and had been diagnosed with AL. The initial sample-size calculation was 150 children per group, assessed with an expected odds ratio (OR) of three and a minimum exposure frequency of 15.8%. These children were matched by age, sex, and institution with 193 pediatric surgical patients at secondary-care hospitals. A questionnaire was used to determine each child's background and the characteristics of the father's occupation(s). In order to determine the level of exposure to carcinogenic agents, a previously validated exposure index (occupational exposure index, OEI) was used. The consistency and validity of the index were assessed by a questionnaire comparison, the sensory recognition of the work area, and an expert's opinion. RESULTS: The adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.69 (0.98, 2.92) during the preconception period; 1.98 (1.13, 3.45) during the index pregnancy; 2.11 (1.17, 3.78) during breastfeeding period; 2.17 (1.28, 3.66) after birth; and 2.06 (1.24, 3.42) for global exposure. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in which an OEI was used to assess a father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents as a risk factor for the development of childhood AL in his offspring. From our results, we conclude that children whose fathers have been exposed to a high level of carcinogenic agents seem to have a greater risk of developing acute leukemia. However, confounding factors cannot be disregarded due to an incomplete control for confounding.

Incidence of leukemias in children from El Salvador and Mexico City between 1996 and 2000: population-based data.

BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that report the incidence of acute leukemias in children in Latin America. This work assesses the incidence of acute leukemias, between 1996 and 2000, in children from 0-14 years old who were attended at the Mexican Social Security Institute in Mexico City and in children from 0-11 years old in El Salvador. DESIGN: Population-based data. Hospitals: In San Salvador, El Salvador, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Benjamin Bloom", the only center in El Salvador which attends all children, younger than 12 years, with oncologic disease. The Pediatric Hospital and the General Hospital of the Mexican Social Security Institute in Mexico City, the only centers in Mexico City which attend all those children with acute leukemia who have a right to this service. DIAGNOSIS: All patients were diagnosed by bone marrow smear and were divided into acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and unspecified leukemias (UL). The annual incidence rate (AIR) and average annual incidence rate (AAIR) were calculated per million children. Cases were stratified by age and assigned to one of four age strata: 1) <1 year; 2) 1-4 years; 3) 5-9 years, or 4) 10-14 or 10-11 years, for Mexico City and El Salvador, respectively. RESULTS: The number of cases was 375 and 238 in El Salvador and Mexico City, respectively. AAIRs in Mexico City were 44.9, 10.6, 2.5, 0.5, and 58.4 per million children for ALL, AML, CML, UL, and total leukemias, respectively. The AAIRs in El Salvador could not be calculated because the fourth age stratum in El Salvador included children only from 0-11 years old. The incidence rates for the Salvadorian group of 0-11 year olds were 34.2, 7.1, 0.6, 0.2, and 43.2 per million children for ALL, AML, CML, UL, and total leukemias, respectively. CONCLUSION: Reported AIRs for each age group in El Salvador were similar to those from other American countries. The AAIR of ALL in Mexico City is one of the highest reported for North America.

Incidencia de las leucemias agudas en niños de la ciudad de México, de 1982 a 1991 / Incidence of acute leukemia in children of Mexico city; 1982 to 1991

Objetivo. Medir la tasa de incidencia de las leucemias agudas (LA) en las diferentes delegaciones políticas del Distrito Federal y evaluar si existe una tendencia significativa en dichos padecimientos en tales delegaciones. Material y métodos. Estudio longitudinal descriptivo realizado en seis hospitales de la ciudad de México, los que atienden a cerca de 97.5 por ciento de todos los niños con cáncer de esta ciudad. Los datos se capturaron de 1995 a 1996, y se analizaron en 1999, en el Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Para cada delegación se cal-cularon la tasa de incidencia anual promedio, la tasa es-tandarizada y la razón estandarizada de morbilidad (REM) con intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento). La tendencia se evaluó con la tasa de cambio promedio. Re-sultados. Se observó una tendencia al incremento en la incidencia de la leucemia aguda linfoblástica (LAL) en cinco delegaciones: Alvaro Obregón, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Izta-calco y Venustiano Carranza. En la leucemia aguda mieloblás-tica (LAM) no se notificaron cambios estadísticamente signi-ficativos en la incidencia en ninguna delegación política. Sólo con LAM se encontró una REM significativa y co-rrespondió a la delegación Alvaro Obregón (REM= 2.91, IC 95 por ciento 1.63 - 4.80). Las REM más altas se encontraron en el sur y suroeste de la ciudad. Conclusiones. Sólo se observó incremento en la incidencia de LAL en cinco delegaciones políticas. La incidencia más alta de LAM se encontró en la delegación Alvaro Obregón.

Malnutrition in Childhood lymphoblastic leukemia: A predictor of Early mortality during the induction-to-remission phase of the treatment

Background. Previous reports have shown that undernourished children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poorer long-term survival as compared withchildren with normal nourishment status. It has been shown that both the relapse and mortality rates of undernourished children with ALL are higher during the continuation phase of the chemotherapy and are apparently related to a poor tolerance of ablative chemotherapy. No previous artichles have analyzed the aerly mortality rate of these patients. Methods. We carried out a case-control study, and have studied the effect of severe malnutrition on the mortality of 17 children with ALL during the initial induction-to-remission phase of the treatment. These 17 cases were compared with 76 controls who had survived at least the phases of induction and consolidation. Results. It was found that the chance of dying during the initial phase of the treatment was 2.6 times higher (confidence interval 95 percent: 0.55-11.89) in undernourished children with ALL than in those children with normal nourishment status. The risk of death increades with the severity of undernorisment (p= 0.04). Conclusions. These data confirm the prognostic value of malnutrition in children with ALL and suggest that undernourishment may also influence aerly mortality during the induction-to-remission phase of the treatment

Empirical antimicrobial therapy in pediatric patients with neutropenia and fever. Risk factor for treatment failure

Background. The use of combinations of antibiotics has been the cornerstone of therapy for febrile patients with cancer and severe neutropenia. Each empirical regimen should be selected according to the epidemiology and susceptibility patterns in each center. We describe here the experience wtih empirical antimicrobiial treatments in pediatric patients with cancer, fever and severe neutropenia, and identify the risk factors associated with treatment failure. Methods. This is a prospective study including 145 patients with cancer, and 171 episodes of neutropenia and fever. Blood cultures were taken before initiating empirical treatment: a)carbenicillin (400 mg/kg/day) plus amikacin (21 mg/kg/day) (Cb/ak), and b) ceftazidime (100 mg/kg/day), plus amikacin at the same dosage (Cz/ak). Results. The overall response rate was 54.9 percent and 56.3 percent for Cb/ak and Cz/ak, respectively. Fifty-seven episodes (33.3 percent) were microbiologically documented, gram-positive isolated in 38 percent and gram-negative in 49 percent. Risk factors associated significantly with treatment failure were acute mywlocytic leukemia (AML) (RR 2.59, CI 95 percent 1.42-4.7, p=0.003); bacteriological identification (RR= 4.41, CI 95 percent 2.21 - 8.8, p<0.001), and the presence of two or more sites of infection (RR= 2.89, CI 95 percent 1.03 - 8.11, p=0.03). Conclusions. The rates of response are similar to the combinations used in the hospital (Cb/ak, Cz/ak). The risk factors associated with treatment failure were AML diagnosis, bacteriological identification, and the presence of two or more sites of infection

Secuelas neurológicas y psicológicas que deja la radioterapia o el metotresate intratecal en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Neurogical and psycological sequelae in children with acute lymphoblastic. leukemia who received central nervous system prophylaxis with radiotherapy or intrathecal methrotexate

Comparar las alteraciones neurológicas y psicológicas en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), quienes habían estado con más de tres años sin tratamiento antineoplásico, y que recibieron profilaxis al sistema nervioso central (SNC) con base a radioterapia (RT), más quimioterapia intratecal (QTT) con metotrexate (Grupo 1) o sólo con QTIT (Grupo 2). En ambos grupos se realizó evaluación neurológica, electroencefalograma (EEG) y tomografía computada de cráneo (TACC). La evaluación psicológica consistió en la medición del coeficiente intelectual y de la función visomotora con la prueba de Bender. Las personas que realizaron cada una de las evaluaciones desconocían a que grupo de pacientes correspondía. Análisis estadístico: prueba exacta de Fisher y U de Mann-Whitnney. Catorce pacientes del grupo 1 y ocho pacientes del grupo 2. En el grupo 1 se encontró coeficiente intelectual significativamente inferior (mediana 83.5) al del segundo (90.5). En un paciente de cada grupo se encontraron alteraciones neurológicas, alteraciones en el EEG en 6 del grupo 1 y en 4 del grupo 2 y en la TACC, sólo en 2 pacientes del segundo grupo, sin tener diferencia estadística. Los niños con LLA quienes recibieron profilaxis al SNC con RT más QTIT, tuvieron mayor alteración en el rendimiento intelectual, en comparación con los tratados con metotrexate intratecal. En los dos grupos se presentaron anormalidades neurológicas, sin diferencia entre uno y otro grupo

Nutritional state alterations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction and consolidation of chemotheraphy

The objective of the study was to determine if children with high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exhibit higher frequency of alterations in nutritional state during the phases ofinduction and consolidation of chemotherapy than children with low risk ALL, based on the arm muscle area. The design was concurrent comparative cohort. It was performed at pediatric hematology service of the Hospital General del Centro Medico Naciona "La Raza" and hematology service of the Hospital de Pediatria del Centro Medico Nacional "Siglo XXI". One hundred-five patients were incorporated into the study: 53 with high risk (HR) ALL and 52 with low risk (LR) ALL. Basal measurements of arm circunference and tricipital skinfold were surveyed monthly (for 3 months) by standardized personnel. Altered nutritional state during follow-up was defined as the loss of 10 percent or more of the arm muscular area (AMA) measured at diagnosis. Statistics of proportion analysis with a significance level of 0.05 and relative risk (RR) was 0.77 (CI 0.31-1.87); the LR group was the most affected. In the second month the RR was 7.31 (CI 1.41-38.03); the most affected group was the HR. In the third month the RR was 1.77 (CI 0.60-4.92); the HR group was the most affected. High-risk patients show a higher frequency of nutritional state alterations reflected in AMA during the second month after diagnosis. This may be caused by the more aggressive chemotherapy received by these patients

Un instrumento para medir la calidad de vida por medio del desempeño diario en pacientes pediátricos con leucemia / An instrumen for measuring the quality of life through daily work with pediatric leukemic patients

Objetivo: determinar la validez de un instrumento para evaluar el estado funcional de pacientes pediátricos con leucemia, como indicador de calidad de vida. Material: se diseñó un cuestionario de las actividades de la vida diario del niño de acuerdo a los criterios de Lickert, el cual fue cometido a un estudio piloto con pacientes sin enfermedad crónica ni incapacitante. El resultado se correlacionó con la impresión clínica del cuestionario a 60 pacientes, en 15 de los cuales se evaluó la consistencia. Resultados: se aplicó el cuestionario a 60 pacientes. veintinueve femeninos y 31 masculinos, se encontró en remisión 15 por ciento con recaída y 8 por ciento en inducción a la remisión. El intervalo de edad fue de 2 a 16 años con una media de 9 ñ 3.6 años. En forma global, el 100 por ciento de los pacientes obtuvo calificación satisfactoria, mayor a 35 puntos. El área escolar fue la más afectada ni con la fase del tratamiento. La correlación entre el médico tratante con las del cuestionario fue de 100 por ciento. El instrumento mostró consistencia. Conclusiones: el cuestionario identificó adecua-damente el nivel de desempeño diario de los pacientes con leucemia, así como áreas específicas en las cuales se encuentra alterado el desempeño. El nivel de desempeño de los pacientes pediátricos con leucemia es adecuado.

Amikacina en dosis única diaria en niños neutropénicos con fiebre / Amikacin once-daily in febrile neutropenic children

Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado en niños con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia para evaluar la eficacia de la amikacina en dosis única diaria contra tres dosis al día asociada a carbenicilina en ambos grupos. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes, 25 pacientes en el grupo A que recibieron la dosis diaria única de amikacina, y 25 pacientes en el grupo B que recibieron la amikacina fraccionada en tres dosis cada 8 horas. No hubo diferencias intergrupos: la fiebre remitió en una mediana de 6 días (2-8días) vs 7 días (3-12 días) en los grupos A y B, respectivamente (p= 0.37); la mejoría clínica se observo en una mediana de 6 días (3-10 días) vs 7 días (2-14 días) (p=0.68). Un paciente en el grupo A y dos en el B fallecieron. Los picos máximos de amikacina al 7o. día de tratamiento fueron de 10-60 y de 7-25 µg/mL en los grupos A y B respectivamente, y los niveles séricos de creatinina de 0.3-0.7 mg/dL para el grupo A y de 0.2 - 0.8 mg-dL para el grupo B; ningún paciente presentó elevación de la creatinina mayor al 40 por ciento del basal. Tres pacientes del grupo A tuvieron niveles de amikacina mayores a 40 µg/mL sin que existiera elevación de la creatinina. No encontramos datos que sugieran que la toxicidad fue mayor. La modalidad de administración de aminoglucósido en una dosis al día parece ser igual de efectiva que la convencional

Incidence trends of acute leukemia among the children of Mexico City: 1982 - 1991

The objective of this study was to identify the tendency of acute leukemia among children in Mexico City from 1982 to 1991. A hospital survey was performed. Medical records of children under 15 years of age with a diagnosis of acute leukemia were reviewed. The cases were chosen from hospitals which provide medical attention to children with cancer in Mexico City. The annual incidence rate (AIR) was calculated in general, by sex, age groups (under 1 year of age, from 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years) and standardized with the world population. The trend was evaluated with Sperman's correlation method. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed a significantly increasing trend during the study period. The AIR was 7.75 (per million) in 1982 and 22.19 (per million) in 1991. For age groups a tendency to increase was observed in female of age group 1 to 4 years and in males of age group 10 to 14 years. Acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia did not display a specific trend. In conclusion, acute lymphoblastic leukemia shows a tendency to increase in the children of Mexico City

La exsanguinotransfusión en el tratamiento del niño hemofílico con inhibidores del factor VIII / Exchange transfusión in the treatment of hemophiliac child with factor VIII inhibitors

Se presenta el caso de un niño de siete años de edad con hemofilia clásica severa quien presentó epistaxis bilateral profusa y sangrado en herida de venodiseccación que no respondió a la transfusión de crioprecipitados en dosis crecientes hasta de 100U/kg cada 6 horas. Debido a que la determinacación de los niveles de inhibidores del factor VIII mostró valor de 6.75 U Bethesda/ml, se practicaron dos exsanguinotransfusiones, lo que permitió controlar el sangrado. Se concluye que la exsanguinotransfusión es un procedimiento útil para reducir transitoriamente los niveles de anticuerpos circulantes contra el factor VIII en niños hemofílicos con esta complicación y en quienes es imperativo controlar las manifestaciones de sangrado

Anemia de Fanconi / Fanconi's anemia

Se estudiaron ocho pacientes con anemia de Fanconi, con edades entre cinco a 12 años; seis fueron del sexo masculino. Todos los pacientes presentaron anemia de grado variable, leucopenia, plaquetopenia y reticulocitopenia. La médula ósea se observó hipocelular con incremento en el contenido de grasa y aumento relativo en la proporción de células plasmáticas y reticulares. Tres pacientes presentaron retraso mental. Siete niños presentaron malformaciones esqueléticas, dos malformaciones renales y tres otras malformaciones. El estudio del cariotipo fue normal en cuatro pacientes y en uno se observaron tres fracturas cromosómicas. La hemoglobina fetal estuvo elevada en todos los casos. Todos los niños fueron tratados con oximetolona en dosis promedio de 2 mg/kg/dia por períodos entre siete meses a siete años. Cinco pacientes fallecieron por complicaciones hemorrágicas. Los tres pacientes restantes mantienen niveles aceptables de hemoglobina, cuenta de neutrófilos absolutos y plaquetas

Respuesta al tratamiento en ninos con purpura trombocitopenica idiopatica cronica. / Response to the treatment in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Se estudiaron 63 ninos con purpura trombocitopenica idiopatica cronica (PTIC), 39 de los cuales eran del sexo femenino. Todos los pacientes recibieron al inicio tratamiento con prednisona, y se produjo respuesta en quetopenia en seis (9 por ciento) de ellos. Por la persistencia de la plaquetopenia se practico esplenectomia a 55 pacientes y ocurrio remision en 34 (62 por ciento) de los casos. En los 21 pacientes restantes se indico nuevamente tratamiento con prednisona, y se produjo reaccion en otros seis (28 por ciento) casos. Una paciente fallecio por complicacion infecciosa. Los 14 pacientes que no respondieron a las medidas terapeuticas anteriores se sometieron a tratamiento con agentes inmunosupresores sin efecto favorable manifiesto. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la esplenectomia continua siendo el tratamiento de eleccion en ninos con PTIC que experimentan plaquetopenia grave y persistente. Los ninos que no responden a la esplenectomia tienden a reaccionar a un nuevo tratamiento con dosis bajas de corticosteroides